Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Pharmaceutical Care 2322-4630 8 4 2020 12 28 157 158 Padideh Ghaeli Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Roozbeh Hospital and School of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Nafiseh Banaha Pharm.D, Former PGY-1 Pharmacy Resident at ASHP Accredited Pharmacy Residency Program at Nuvance Health, Connecticut, USA. 2020 11 22 2020 11 23 No Abstract No Abstract  No Abstract  No Abstract  https://jpc.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jpc/article/view/381

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Pharmaceutical Care 2322-4630 8 4 2020 12 28 159 163 EN Samira Dehghan Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran. Leila Kouti Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran. Reza Zibandeh Gorji Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran. Kaveh Eslami Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran. Janet Soleymani Food and Drug Deputy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran Hossein Barzegar Bafrooei Food and Drug Deputy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran Farideh Younesi Food and Drug Deputy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran 2020 09 19 2020 09 30 Background: Corticosteroids are widely used in many medical problems; therefore, they are easily available in all types of pharmacies. Because of their dramatic response and different available formulations, the non-prescription use of these drugs is high, even though there are many side effects related to their use. The present study evaluates and compares the data reported by FDA, main health insurance organizations and pharmaceutical companies that distribute the corticosteroids. Methods: This descriptive correlational, cross-sectional study was designed to assess the prevalence, distribution pattern, per capita prescription and non-prescription consumption of 11 high-consumption corticosteroids in private and public pharmacies of Khuzestan province throughout 2016. Results: The results indicated that the highest distribution of corticosteroids is related to private pharmacies. Among the cities of Khuzestan, the highest rate of non-prescription use of corticosteroids was in Haftkel city, and the lowest was in Andika city. Among the drugs, prednisolone 5 mg tablets and dexamethasone 5 mg tablets have the highest per capita prescription and non-prescription consumption in Khuzestan province, respectively. Conclusion: According to the results of this study, the per capita consumption of corticosteroids is high, and the pharmacies seem to dispense these drugs widely. Therefore accurate recording of the distribution and dispense of corticosteroids by FDA on a monthly and annual basis is crucial. It is necessary to increase the supervision of drug companies that provide the supply of corticosteroids. https://jpc.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jpc/article/view/373

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Pharmaceutical Care 2322-4630 8 4 2020 12 28 164 169 Olayinka Ilesanmi Department of Community Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria AND Department of Community Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria Aanuoluwapo Afolabi Department of Community Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria Oluwatosin Fakayode Department of Public Health, State Ministry of Health, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria Stephen Arigidi Department of Public Health, State Ministry of Health, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria Barakat Olatayo Olanrewaju Department of Pharmaceutical Services, State Ministry of Health, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria 2020 10 24 2020 11 28 Background: Community pharmacists(CPs) are key providers of basic healthcare in communities, and barriers that may hinder enormous results in their role during the COVID-19 pandemic should be addressed. We conducted training on the strategies for strengthening the Infection Prevention and Control (IPC)among CPs. Methods: Participants were 31 CPs in Ilorin, Kwara State. A quasi-experimental, before-and-after study was carried out. Data were captured using a self-administered questionnaire. The questionnaire had three sections; the frst contained sociodemographic characteristics such as sex, age, and years of practice. The second section contained eight questions used to assess the knowledge of the respondents, each was assigned a score of “1” and the total obtainable score was “8”. The third section identifed the role of CPs in the prevention of COVID-19. Results: The mean age of the 31 CPs who participated in the training was 49.5 ± 13.7 years, and18 (58.1%) were males. The mean pre-test IPC training score was 4.968±1.329, while the meanpost-test IPC training score was 5.323±1.077, (t=-1.611, p=0.118). All respondents identifed that CPs had roles in the prevention of COVID-19. Among them, 27 (87.1%) identifed community health awareness campaigns as their main role in the prevention of COVID-19. Regarding years of practice, 6 (35.3%) respondents with less than 20 years had COVID-19 IPC knowledge gain compared to 10 (71.4%) others with more than 20 and above years of practice (P=0.04). Conclusion: The training achieved its short-term objective. There is a need to for supervisory visits on the CPs at their place of practice to ensure knowledge acquired is put to the best use. https://jpc.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jpc/article/view/377

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Pharmaceutical Care 2322-4630 8 4 2020 12 28 170 175 Ava Mansouri Research Center for Rational Use of Drugs, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Kimia Hirbod Research Center for Rational Use of Drugs, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Maryam Taghizadeh-Ghehi Research Center for Rational Use of Drugs, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Aarefeh Jafarzadeh Kohneloo Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mohammad Solduzian Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Molouk Hadjibabaie Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Research Center for Rational Use of Drugs Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2020 11 08 2020 11 17 Background: Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors (TKIs) are drugs of choice for Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) treatment. CML healthcare costs greatly exceed of other haematological malignancies treatment mostly due to TKIs. There are several generic and brand preparations of imatinib and nilotinib, the only available TKIs, in Iran with different prices and varied insurance coverage. We have studied TKIs utilization and also investigate the effect of different insurance coverage on TKIs utilization in Iran. Methods: This was drug utilization study about Imatinib and Nilotinib over 14 years. It was conductedin two phases; data extraction from pharmaceutical wholesale data (2003-2017) for utilization trend assessment and registered data of prescriptions from Sizdah-Aban Pharmacy (2011-2014) for utilization trend and insurance coverage assessment such as; prescriptions frequency, number of TKIs, insurance companies and their cost coverage in each prescription. Results: Imatinib consumption increased signifcantly from 2003 to 2013. This trend stoppedafterward. Nilotinib consumption had ascending trend. The trend line of years 2014 to 2017was steeper and statistically signifcant (β=0.0014, p-value=0.02). The amount of nilotinib costcoverage by insurance companies increased signifcantly from 2011 to 2014 (p-value=0.04). The coverage of imatinib costs by insurance companies changed slightly during the study period that was not statistically signifcant. Frequency of prescriptions with full cost coverage doubled for nilotinib, while did not change remarkably for imatinib, from 2011 to 2014. Mean (SD) of imatinib and nilotinib counts per prescription was signifcantly higher in prescriptions for which 100% of the cost was covered. Conclusion: We found increasing trend in nilotinib utilization and observed some effects fromnilotinib cost coverage by insurance on its consumption. This study made a clear picture for policy makers to monitor imatinib and nilotinib use appropriateness and design the proper cost-effective studies to make evidence-based decisions https://jpc.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jpc/article/view/378

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Pharmaceutical Care 2322-4630 8 4 2020 12 28 176 179 Farzaneh Dastan Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Chronic Respiratory Diseases Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Jamshid Salamzadeh Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Ali Saffaei Student Research Committee, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Yasaman Nabavi Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mohammad Abbasinazari Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2020 04 13 2020 09 26 Backgrounds: Statins are associated with several muscle complaints, such as: myositis, myalgia, muscle weakness, muscle spasms and rhabdomyolysis. Age, race, gender, dose of statin, concomitant medications, concomitant disorders and genetics have been reported as the most important risk factor for statin-induced myalgia. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and associated risk factors of atorvastatin-induced myalgia in hospitalized patients in Tehran, Iran. Methods: In this cross sectional study, a questionnaire was developed by expert panel opinions. The questionnaire was included various items regarding demographic data and myalgia evaluation factors. Seven hundred patients were included in the study and necessary data were gathered. Finally, the data were analyzed and a statistical model was designed to predict the myalgia risk factors. Results: The rate of myalgia was 44.3% among studied patients. By developing a multivariate logistic model, female gender (OR= 0.47, P-value<0.001) was one of the most important factors in myalgia occurrence. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that gender, age, atorvastatin dose, duration of atorvastatin usage and presence of myotoxic disease are the main predictors of myalgia in Iranian population. Hence, the findings of this study can be considered to predict the myalgia incidence risk in Iranian population. https://jpc.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jpc/article/view/337

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Pharmaceutical Care 2322-4630 8 4 2020 12 28 180 185 EN Ekpedeme Ndem Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Biopharmacy, University of Uyo. Nigeria Edidiong Orok Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.. Nigeria Felix Bassey Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Biopharmacy, University of Uyo. Nigeria 2020 09 30 2020 10 31 Background :Pharmaceutical care is an important aspect of healthcare provided by pharmacists which is associated with good clinical outcomes and improved quality of life. Robberies and insecurities is a common occurrence in community pharmacies and when left unchecked can have economic, financial consequences and also influence the provision of care. The aim of this study was to assess the perceived effect of insecurity on the provision of pharmaceutical care in community pharmacies in Uyo, Akwa Ibom State. Methods: This study was a cross sectional survey among community pharmacists in community pharmacies in Uyo, Akwa Ibom State. All community pharmacies in Uyo metropolis were visited and an informed consent was obtained from the pharmacists before the commencement of the study. A semi-structured questionnaire was used in the collection of data in this study. The questionnaire evaluated the perceived effect of the current robberies on pharmaceutical care where the evaluation statements were structured in Likert scale format. Results: A total of 76 pharmacists consented to participate in the study where 56 (73.7%) were males and 20 females. The mean age of the study participants was 28.25 + 1.543 years and 82.9% of the participants had 1-10 years community pharmacy experience. Majority of the pharmacists agreed that insecurity has hindered history taking (52%), blood pressure checks (84.2%), patient counseling (80.2%) and decreased sales (52.6%). Conclusion:There is a negative perceived effect of recent insecurities on the provision of pharmaceutical care services and sales. This aspect should be explored in further studies and research. https://jpc.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jpc/article/view/359

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Pharmaceutical Care 2322-4630 8 4 2020 12 28 186 195 Kosar Raoufinejad Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Mehdi Rajabi Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Islamic Azad University of Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran AND Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University Hospitals of North Midlands, Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire, UK. Golnaz Sarafian Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Islamic Azad University of Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. 2020 05 01 2020 06 09 Clinical advantages of licorice (Glycyrrhiza spp.) have been investigated for several years. It has been traditionally used for a variety of disorders. Different constituents with various characteristics have been isolated from Glycyrrhiza spp. extracts. This review aimed to summarize the current knowledge on the pharmacological efficacy and safety of licorice extract constituents to treat the pathophysiology of acne vulgaris (AV) and the associated postinflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH). Anti-androgenic, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, depigmenting, and skin-turnover-accelerating properties have been identified for licorice extract which could be effective against AV and PIH through multiple pharmacological mechanisms. The active compounds responsible for these pharmacological activities, molecular mechanisms, safety profile, as well as the in vitro, in vivo, animal, and clinical studies are discussed. Licorice extract possesses broad-spectrum activity and could be considered as an effective and safe option in the treatment of AV and its associated PIH. However, evidence-based clinical trials are required to prove its efficacy as well as safety. We hope this paper can provide new insights for further studies, particularly large controlled clinical trials. https://jpc.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jpc/article/view/343

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Journal of Pharmaceutical Care 2322-4630 8 4 2020 12 28 196 203 EN Mahsa Meyboodi School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran Amir Hooshang Mohammadpour Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran AND Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. Seyed Ahmad Emami Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran Hedyieh Karbasforooshan Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. 2020 04 18 2020 06 09 Green tea (GT) is among the most common drinks in the world. There are some reports on interactions between GT and some drugs. This paper attempts to provide a comprehensive review of this subject. The data are collected by searching PubMed, Scopus, Web of science, and Embase. The keywords used as search terms are "camellia sinensis", "pharmacodynamics", "pharmacokinetic", "EGCG", and "drug interaction". We have found 24 eligible articles. Finally, the related papers are given in our review. GT is containing polyphenols that interfere with many drugs. The most important of these polyphenol compounds is epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), which most of the reported interactions are due to the presence of EGCG. Interaction of GT with different drugs occurs in the context of both pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics that includes drug absorption, metabolism, and renal excretion. The mechanisms of these interactions consist of increase in the concentration included several medications such as melatonin, midazolam, and amlodipine consuming after GT; these interactions can be toxic. Additionally, it has been reported that serum levels of several drugs such as nadolol, digoxin, amoxicillin, and clozapine are decreased and their efficacy are reduced when they simultaneously administer with GT. The serum concentration of rhodamin 123, quinidine, and doxorubicin have increased when these drugs were co-administered with GT. GT has pharmacodynamics interactions with a few drugs such as a hydrochlorothiazide. As proposed and discussed here, GT has the potential for interactions with numerous other drugs and thus clinicians should be aware of reported and potential interaction of GT with various medications in order to avoid adverse reactions and achieve expected clinical response. https://jpc.tums.ac.ir/index.php/jpc/article/view/340