Nutritional and Medical Perspectives of Whey Protein: A Historical Overview
Abstract
Whey nowadays considered as nutritional power house of future. Presently, whey mainly used as energy base drinks for sportsman and for therapeutic application in many countries. The two primary sources of protein in milk are the caseins and whey. After processing occurs, the caseins are the proteins responsible for making curds, while whey remains in an aqueous environment. Whey protein is a reliable source of amino acids and biologically active proteins which act as a nutritional supplement. The components of whey include beta lactoglobulin, alpha lactoalbumin, bovine serum albumin, lactoferrin, immunoglobluins, lactoperoxidase enzymes, glycomacropeptides, lactose, and minerals. Whey proteins have a high amount of branched chain amino acids such as leucine, isoleucine, and valine. These are also rich in the sulfur-containing amino acids cysteine and methionine, which enhance immune functions through their intracellular conversion to glutathione. The present review paper gives information about the potential beneficial properties of whey protein and focuses on using whey protein supplementation as an immuno-modulator, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anti-cancer. In this context, the current review presented that whey protein supplementation is shown to maintain a high concentration of cellular antioxidants and boost immune defenses that promote carcinogen detoxification. Due to the positive findings, whey protein supplementation is starting to be viewed as a non-pharmaceutical adjunct therapy in the treatment of cancer. Also, whey protein provides an abundant supply of essential amino acids to organs and tissues, which stimulates tissue regenerative mechanisms and help minimize immune suppression.
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Angeli, F; Reboldi, G and Verdecchia, P (2013). Protein intake in type 1 diabetes: putting controversies into perspectives. J. Hypertens., 31(6): 1086-1090.
Badr, G; Ramadan, NK; Sayed, LH; Badr, BM, Omar, HM and Selamoglu, Z (2017). Why whey? Camel whey protein as a new dietary approach to the management of free radicals and for the treatment of different health disorders Iran. J. Basic Med. Sci., 20:338-349.
Bilsborough, S and Mann, N (2006). A review of issues of dietary protein intake in humans. Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab., 16(2): 129-152.
Bounous, G (2000). Whey protein concentrate (WPC) and glutathione modulation in cancer treatment. Anticancer Res., 20(6): 4785-4792.
Caccavo, D; Pellegrino, NM; Altamura, M; Rigon, A; Amati, L; Amoroso, A and Casadevall, A (2002). Passive antibody administration (immediate immunity) as a specific defense against biological weapons. Emerging Infect. Dis., 8(8): 833-842.
Castellanos, VH; Litchford, MD and Campbell, WW (2006). Modular protein supplements and their application to long-term care. Nutr. Clin. Pract., 21(5): 485-504.
Cribb, P (2004). Whey proteins and immunity. Applications Monograph. US Dairy Export Council, Arlington, VA.
Cribb, PJ; Williams, AD and Hayes, A (2007). A creatine-protein-carbohydrate supplement enhances responses to resistance training. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., 39(11): 1960-1968.
Cruz-Jentoft, AJ; Baeyens, JP; Bauer, JM; Boirie, Y; Cederholm, T; Landi, F and Zamboni, M (2010). Sarcopenia: European consensus on definition and diagnosis Report of the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People. Age Ageing 39(4): 412–423.
Deuster, P; Maier, S; Moore, V; Paton, J; Simmons, R and Vawter, K (2004). Dietary supplements and military divers: A synopsis for undersea medical officers. Uniformed services Uni of the health sciences Bethesda MD Dept of Military and emergency medicine.
Frestedt, JL; Zenk, JL; Kuskowski, MA; Ward, LS and Bastian, ED (2008). A whey-protein supplement increases fat loss and spares lean muscle in obese subjects: a randomized human clinical study. Nutr. Metab. (Lond)., 5(1): 8.
Gill, HS and Cross, ML (2000). Anticancer properties of bovine milk. Br. J. Nutr., 84(S1): 161-166.
Holecek, M (2002). Relation between glutamine, branched-chain amino acids, and protein metabolism. Nutr., 18(2):130-133.
Hoseini, SM; Khosravi-Darani, K; and Mozafari, MR (2013). Nutritional and medical applications of spirulina microalgae. Mini Rev. Med. Chem., 13(8): 1231-1237.
Jelen, P (2009). Whey-based functional beverages. Functional and speciality beverage technology, 259-296. New York.
Jirillo, E (2002). Review: Antimicrobial and immunoregulatory functions of lactoferrin and its potential therapeutic application. J. Endotoxin Res., 8(6): 403-417.
Keri Marshall, ND (2004). Therapeutic applications of whey protein. Altern. Med. Rev., 9(2): 136-156.
Kerksick, CM; Rasmussen, CJ; Lancaster, SL; Magu, B; Smith, P; Melton, C and Kreider, RB (2006). The effects of protein and amino acid supplementation on performance and training adaptations during ten weeks of resistance training. J. Strength Cond. Res., 20(3): 643-653.
Lonnerdal, B (2003). Nutritional and physiologic significance of human milk proteins. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 77(6): 1537S-1543S.
Madureira, AR; Pereira, CI; Gomes, AM; Pintado, ME and Malcata, FX (2007). Bovine whey proteins–overview on their main biological properties. Food Res. Int., 40(10): 1197-1211.
Marshall, K (2005). User's Guide to Protein and Amino Acids. Basic Health Publications, Inc. 33-56.
Melanson, K and Dwyer, J (2002). Popular diets for treatment of overweight and obesity. Handbook of obesity treatment, 249-275.
Mollea, C; Bosco, F and Marmo, L (2013). Valorisation of cheese whey, a by-product from the dairy industry. INTECH Open Access Publisher. DOI: 10.5772/53159.
Morley, JE (2007). Weight loss in older persons: new therapeutic approaches. Curr. Pharm. Des., 13(35): 3637-3647.
Neary, MT and Batterham, RL (2009). Gut hormones: implications for the treatment of obesity. Pharmacol. Ther., 124(1): 44-56.
O’Keefe, JH; Gheewala, NM and O’Keefe, JO (2008). Dietary strategies for improving post-prandial glucose, lipids, inflammation, and cardiovascular health. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 51(3): 249-255.
Onwulata, CI and Huth, PJ (2008). Whey processing, functionality & health benefits. 1st ed. IFT Press, Blackwell Publishing, John Wiley & Sons 369-389.
Orchard, TJ; Olson, JC; Erbey, JR; Williams, K; Forrest, KY; Smithline Kinder, L; Ellis, D and Becker, DJ (2003). Insulin resistance-related factors, but not glycemia, predict coronary artery disease in type 1 diabetes: 10-year follow-up data from the Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications Study. Diabetes Care., 26: 1374–1379.
Orchard, TJ; Costacou, T; Kretowski, A and Nesto, RW (2006). Type 1 diabetes and coronary artery disease. Diabetes Care., 29: 2528–2538.
Paddon-Jones, D and Rasmussen, BB (2009). Dietary protein recommendations and the prevention of sarcopenia: Protein, amino acid metabolism and therapy. Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care., 12(1): 86-90.
Parodi, PW (2007). A role for milk proteins and their peptides in cancer prevention. Curr. Pharm. Des., 13(8): 813-828.
Pocovi, C; Conesa, C; Barbana, C; D Pérez, M; Calvo, M and Sánchez, L (2009). Comparison of the activity of human and bovine milk on two cell lines. J. Dairy Res., 76(03): 308-316.
Rodrigues, L; Teixeira, J; Schmitt, F; Paulsson, M and Månsson, HL (2008). Lactoferrin and cancer disease prevention. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr., 49(3): 203-217.
Sharma, R and Shah, N (2010). Health benefits of whey proteins. Nutrafoods., 9(4): 39-45.
Smithers, GW (2008). Whey and whey proteins—from ‘gutter-to-gold’. Int. Dairy J., 18(7): 695-704.
Sousa, GT; Lira, FS; Rosa, JC; de Oliveira, EP; Oyama, LM; Santos, RV and Pimentel, GD (2012). Dietary whey protein lessens several risk factors for metabolic diseases: a review. Lipids Health Dis., 11(1): 67.
Tuomilehto, J; Lindström, J; Eriksson, JG; Valle, TT; Hämäläinen, H; Ilanne-Parikka, P and Uusitupa, M (2001). Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus by changes in lifestyle among subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. N. Engl. J. Med., 344(18): 1343-1350.
Vaskonen, T (2003). Dietary minerals and modification of cardiovascular risk factors. J. Nutr. Biochem., 14(9): 492-506.
Walzem, RL; Dillard, CJ and German JB (2002). Whey components: millennia of evolution create functionalities for mammalian nutrition: what we know and what we may be overlooking. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr., 42: 353-375.
Zemel, MB (2004). Role of calcium and dairy products in energy partitioning and weight management. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 79(5): 907S-912S.
Angeli, F; Reboldi, G and Verdecchia, P (2013). Protein intake in type 1 diabetes: putting controversies into perspectives. J. Hypertens., 31(6): 1086-1090.
Badr, G; Ramadan, NK; Sayed, LH; Badr, BM, Omar, HM and Selamoglu, Z (2017). Why whey? Camel whey protein as a new dietary approach to the management of free radicals and for the treatment of different health disorders Iran. J. Basic Med. Sci., 20:338-349.
Bilsborough, S and Mann, N (2006). A review of issues of dietary protein intake in humans. Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab., 16(2): 129-152.
Bounous, G (2000). Whey protein concentrate (WPC) and glutathione modulation in cancer treatment. Anticancer Res., 20(6): 4785-4792.
Caccavo, D; Pellegrino, NM; Altamura, M; Rigon, A; Amati, L; Amoroso, A and Casadevall, A (2002). Passive antibody administration (immediate immunity) as a specific defense against biological weapons. Emerging Infect. Dis., 8(8): 833-842.
Castellanos, VH; Litchford, MD and Campbell, WW (2006). Modular protein supplements and their application to long-term care. Nutr. Clin. Pract., 21(5): 485-504.
Cribb, P (2004). Whey proteins and immunity. Applications Monograph. US Dairy Export Council, Arlington, VA.
Cribb, PJ; Williams, AD and Hayes, A (2007). A creatine-protein-carbohydrate supplement enhances responses to resistance training. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., 39(11): 1960-1968.
Cruz-Jentoft, AJ; Baeyens, JP; Bauer, JM; Boirie, Y; Cederholm, T; Landi, F and Zamboni, M (2010). Sarcopenia: European consensus on definition and diagnosis Report of the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People. Age Ageing 39(4): 412–423.
Deuster, P; Maier, S; Moore, V; Paton, J; Simmons, R and Vawter, K (2004). Dietary supplements and military divers: A synopsis for undersea medical officers. Uniformed services Uni of the health sciences Bethesda MD Dept of Military and emergency medicine.
Frestedt, JL; Zenk, JL; Kuskowski, MA; Ward, LS and Bastian, ED (2008). A whey-protein supplement increases fat loss and spares lean muscle in obese subjects: a randomized human clinical study. Nutr. Metab. (Lond)., 5(1): 8.
Gill, HS and Cross, ML (2000). Anticancer properties of bovine milk. Br. J. Nutr., 84(S1): 161-166.
Holecek, M (2002). Relation between glutamine, branched-chain amino acids, and protein metabolism. Nutr., 18(2):130-133.
Hoseini, SM; Khosravi-Darani, K; and Mozafari, MR (2013). Nutritional and medical applications of spirulina microalgae. Mini Rev. Med. Chem., 13(8): 1231-1237.
Jelen, P (2009). Whey-based functional beverages. Functional and speciality beverage technology, 259-296. New York.
Jirillo, E (2002). Review: Antimicrobial and immunoregulatory functions of lactoferrin and its potential therapeutic application. J. Endotoxin Res., 8(6): 403-417.
Keri Marshall, ND (2004). Therapeutic applications of whey protein. Altern. Med. Rev., 9(2): 136-156.
Kerksick, CM; Rasmussen, CJ; Lancaster, SL; Magu, B; Smith, P; Melton, C and Kreider, RB (2006). The effects of protein and amino acid supplementation on performance and training adaptations during ten weeks of resistance training. J. Strength Cond. Res., 20(3): 643-653.
Lonnerdal, B (2003). Nutritional and physiologic significance of human milk proteins. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 77(6): 1537S-1543S.
Madureira, AR; Pereira, CI; Gomes, AM; Pintado, ME and Malcata, FX (2007). Bovine whey proteins–overview on their main biological properties. Food Res. Int., 40(10): 1197-1211.
Marshall, K (2005). User's Guide to Protein and Amino Acids. Basic Health Publications, Inc. 33-56.
Melanson, K and Dwyer, J (2002). Popular diets for treatment of overweight and obesity. Handbook of obesity treatment, 249-275.
Mollea, C; Bosco, F and Marmo, L (2013). Valorisation of cheese whey, a by-product from the dairy industry. INTECH Open Access Publisher. DOI: 10.5772/53159.
Morley, JE (2007). Weight loss in older persons: new therapeutic approaches. Curr. Pharm. Des., 13(35): 3637-3647.
Neary, MT and Batterham, RL (2009). Gut hormones: implications for the treatment of obesity. Pharmacol. Ther., 124(1): 44-56.
O’Keefe, JH; Gheewala, NM and O’Keefe, JO (2008). Dietary strategies for improving post-prandial glucose, lipids, inflammation, and cardiovascular health. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 51(3): 249-255.
Onwulata, CI and Huth, PJ (2008). Whey processing, functionality & health benefits. 1st ed. IFT Press, Blackwell Publishing, John Wiley & Sons 369-389.
Orchard, TJ; Olson, JC; Erbey, JR; Williams, K; Forrest, KY; Smithline Kinder, L; Ellis, D and Becker, DJ (2003). Insulin resistance-related factors, but not glycemia, predict coronary artery disease in type 1 diabetes: 10-year follow-up data from the Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications Study. Diabetes Care., 26: 1374–1379.
Orchard, TJ; Costacou, T; Kretowski, A and Nesto, RW (2006). Type 1 diabetes and coronary artery disease. Diabetes Care., 29: 2528–2538.
Paddon-Jones, D and Rasmussen, BB (2009). Dietary protein recommendations and the prevention of sarcopenia: Protein, amino acid metabolism and therapy. Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care., 12(1): 86-90.
Parodi, PW (2007). A role for milk proteins and their peptides in cancer prevention. Curr. Pharm. Des., 13(8): 813-828.
Pocovi, C; Conesa, C; Barbana, C; D Pérez, M; Calvo, M and Sánchez, L (2009). Comparison of the activity of human and bovine milk on two cell lines. J. Dairy Res., 76(03): 308-316.
Rodrigues, L; Teixeira, J; Schmitt, F; Paulsson, M and Månsson, HL (2008). Lactoferrin and cancer disease prevention. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr., 49(3): 203-217.
Sharma, R and Shah, N (2010). Health benefits of whey proteins. Nutrafoods., 9(4): 39-45.
Smithers, GW (2008). Whey and whey proteins—from ‘gutter-to-gold’. Int. Dairy J., 18(7): 695-704.
Sousa, GT; Lira, FS; Rosa, JC; de Oliveira, EP; Oyama, LM; Santos, RV and Pimentel, GD (2012). Dietary whey protein lessens several risk factors for metabolic diseases: a review. Lipids Health Dis., 11(1): 67.
Tuomilehto, J; Lindström, J; Eriksson, JG; Valle, TT; Hämäläinen, H; Ilanne-Parikka, P and Uusitupa, M (2001). Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus by changes in lifestyle among subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. N. Engl. J. Med., 344(18): 1343-1350.
Vaskonen, T (2003). Dietary minerals and modification of cardiovascular risk factors. J. Nutr. Biochem., 14(9): 492-506.
Walzem, RL; Dillard, CJ and German JB (2002). Whey components: millennia of evolution create functionalities for mammalian nutrition: what we know and what we may be overlooking. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr., 42: 353-375.
Zemel, MB (2004). Role of calcium and dairy products in energy partitioning and weight management. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 79(5): 907S-912S.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 7, No 4 (Autumn 2019) | |
| Section | Review Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/jpc.v7i4.2380 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Whey protein antioxidant anti-inflammatory anti-diabetic anti-cancer | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Khan U, Selamoglu Z. Nutritional and Medical Perspectives of Whey Protein: A Historical Overview. J Pharm Care. 2020;7(4):112-117.
