A Review of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 and Pathological Disorders in Patients
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Abstract
Firstly, a new coronavirus emerged in Wuhan, China, sparking a pandemic of acute respiratory syndrome in humans. Corona virus disease-19 (COVID-19) was declared as a pandemic after the infection spread globally and disease caused by the new type of coronavirus, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was named as COVID-19. The virus originated from bats and has been passed to humans. Initially, SARS-CoV-19 infects respiratory system an acute serious viral infection mainly developed with over a million people worldwide were transmitted rapidly in a few months. SARS-CoV-19, progress a moderate to serious severe respiratory symptoms such as headache, cough, and breathlessness. Also, digestive system symptoms include nausea, vomiting, and stomach pain. Although the precise of the mechanism of inflammation unclear but this virus firstly use the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor of the alveolar cells of lung tissue causing inflammation and cell death. Then virus spreads and affects other important organ and tissues with complex pathophysiological alterations, the coronary disease, pulmonary disease, chronic kidney disease and chronic liver disease are the most prevalent comorbidities among patients. In COVID-19 infection therapy lots agents recommended. Unfortunately, there is no clear effective drug for treatment. This review presented potential pathogenic pathway of the SARS-CoV-19 infection and symptoms in the patients and given the information about the negative effects on different systems in the respiratory, cardiac system, nervous system, gastrointestinal system, and urinary tract.
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4. Xu Z, Shi L, Wang Y, et al. Pathological findings of COVID-19 associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Lancet Respir Med 2020;8(4):420-422.
5. van der Hoek L, Pyrc K, Jebbink MF, et al. Identification of a new human coronavirus. Nat Med 2004;10(4):368-73.
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7. Abdelrahman Z, Li M, Wang X. Comparative Review of SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and Influenza A Respiratory Viruses. Front Immunol 2020;11:552909.
8. Tang N, Li D, Wang X, Sun Z. Abnormal coagulation parameters are associated with poor prognosis in patients with novel coronavirus pneumonia. J Thromb Haemost 2020;18(4):844-847.
9. Hoffmann M, Kleine-Weber H, Schroeder S, et al. SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry Depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and is blocked by a clinically proven protease inhibitor. Cell 2020;181(2):271-280.
10. Li X, Wang L, Yan S, et al. Clinical characteristics of 25 death cases with COVID-19: A retrospective review of medical records in a single medical center, Wuhan, China. Int J Infect Dis 2020;94:128-132.
11. Zhang Y, Geng X, Tan Y, et al. New understanding of the damage of SARS-CoV-2 infection outside the respiratory system. Biomed Pharmacother 2020;127:110195.
12. Turner AJ, Hiscox JA, Hooper NM. ACE2: from vasopeptidase to SARS virus receptor. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2004;25(6):291-4.
13. Guo T, Fan Y, Chen M, et al. Cardiovascular implications of fatal outcomes of patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). JAMA Cardiol 2020;5(7):811-818.
14. Pagliaro P, Penna C. ACE/ACE2 ratio: A key also in 2019 Coronavirus Disease (Covid-19)? Front Med (Lausanne) 2020;7:335.
15. Mao R, Qiu Y, He JS, et al. Manifestations and prognosis of gastrointestinal and liver involvement in patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020;5(7):667-678.
16. Menni C, Valdes AM, Freidin MB, et al. Real-time tracking of self-reported symptoms to predict potential COVID-19. Nat Med 2020;26(7):1037-1040.
17. Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, et al. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet 2020;395(10223):507-513.
18. Inciardi RM, Lupi L, Zaccone G, et al. Cardiac involvement in a patient with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). JAMA Cardiol 2020;5(7):819-824.
19. Khan IH, Savarimuthu S, Leung MST, Harky A. The need to manage the risk of thromboembolism in COVID-19 patients. J Vasc Surg 2020;72(3):799-804.
20. Driggin E, Madhavan MV, Bikdeli B, et al. Cardiovascular considerations for patients, health care workers, and health systems during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Am Coll Cardiol 2020;75(18):2352-2371.
21. Rojulpote C, Gonuguntla K, Patil S, Bhattaru A, Bravo PE. COVID-19 and the heart. Colomb Med (Cali) 2020;51(2):e4320.
22. Ozaltun B, Selamoglu Z. Affinity of propofol to human serum albumin and cardiovascular effects. Turkish Journal of Agriculture-Food Science and Technology 2019;7(4):684-87
23. Richardson S, Hirsch JS, Narasimhan M, et al. Presenting characteristics, comorbidities, and outcomes among 5700 patients hospitalized with COVID-19 in the New York City area. JAMA 2020;323(20):2052-2059.
24. Ozdemir B, Gulhan MF, Sahna E, Selamoglu Z. The investigation of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potentials of apitherapeutic agents on heart tissues in nitric oxide synthase inhibited rats via Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester. Clin Exp Hypertens 2021;2;43(1):69-76.
25. Yang X, Yu Y, Xu J, et al. Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study. Lancet Respir Med 2020;8(5):475-481.
26. Özaltun B, Daştan T. Evaluation of antimicrobial activities and In Vitro cytotoxic activities of Gundelia tournefortii L. Plant Extracts. Med J SDU 2019; 26(4): 436-442.
27. Sevindik M, Özdemir B, Braidy N, Akgül H, Akata I, Selamoglu Z. Potential cardiogenic effects of poisonous mushrooms. The Journal of Fungus 2021;12(1):80-86.
28. Shi S, Qin M, Shen B, et al. Association of cardiac injury with mortality in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China. JAMA Cardiol 2020;5(7):802-810.
29. Oudit GY, Kassiri Z, Jiang C, et al. SARS-coronavirus modulation of myocardial ACE2 expression and inflammation in patients with SARS. Eur J Clin Invest 2009;39(7):618-25.
30. Zheng YY, Ma YT, Zhang JY, Xie X. COVID-19 and the cardiovascular system. Nat Rev Cardiol 2020;17(5):259-260.
31. Ozdemir B. Side branch plaque shift in bifurcation lesions in coronary arteries and low density lipoprotein as its marker. Pak Heart J 2020;53(04):365–369
32. Hua A, O'Gallagher K, Sado D, Byrne J. Life-threatening cardiac tamponade complicating myo-pericarditis in COVID-19. Eur Heart J 2020;41(22):2130.
33. Ozdemir B. Association of epicardial fat thickness with ejection fraction in patients with heart failure. JUMMEC 2021;24(1):58-62
34. Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, et al. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet 2020;395(10229):1054-1062.
35. Tan ZC, Fu LH, Wang DD, Hong K. Cardiac manifestations of patients with COVID-19 pneumonia and related treatment recommendations. Zhonghua Xin Xue Guan Bing Za Zhi 2020;48(0):E005.
36. Özaltun B, Sevindik M. Evaluation of the effects on atherosclerosis and antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Agaricus xanthodermus poisonous mushroom. Eur Res J 2020;6(6):539-544.
37. Klok FA, Kruip MJHA, van der Meer NJM, et al. Incidence of thrombotic complications in critically ill ICU patients with COVID-19. Thromb Res 2020;191:145-147.
38. Ozaltun B. Depression of Electrical Storm with Epinephrine. Angiol 2018;6: 215.
39. Kochi AN, Tagliari AP, Forleo GB, Fassini GM, Tondo C. Cardiac and arrhythmic complications in patients with COVID-19. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2020;31(5):1003-1008.
40. Atallah B, Mallah SI, AlMahmeed W. Anticoagulation in COVID-19. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Pharmacother 2020;6(4):260-261.
41. Yamada M, Rastogi P, Ince D, et al. Minimal change disease with nephrotic syndrome associated with Coronavirus Disease 2019 after apolipoprotein l1 risk variant kidney transplant: A Case Report. Transplant Proc 2020;52(9):2693-2697.
42. Novel Prophylactic & Therapeutic Treatment Protocol of the Corona Virus Patients. Available form:URL: https://allergypaais.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/PAAIS-GUIDELINES-FOR-COVID-19.pdf
2. Singhal T. A Review of Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19). Indian J Pediatr 2020;87(4):281-286.
3. Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet 2020;395(10223):497-506.
4. Xu Z, Shi L, Wang Y, et al. Pathological findings of COVID-19 associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Lancet Respir Med 2020;8(4):420-422.
5. van der Hoek L, Pyrc K, Jebbink MF, et al. Identification of a new human coronavirus. Nat Med 2004;10(4):368-73.
6. Lu H, Stratton CW, Tang YW. Outbreak of pneumonia of unknown etiology in Wuhan, China: The mystery and the miracle. J Med Virol 2020;92(4):401-402.
7. Abdelrahman Z, Li M, Wang X. Comparative Review of SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and Influenza A Respiratory Viruses. Front Immunol 2020;11:552909.
8. Tang N, Li D, Wang X, Sun Z. Abnormal coagulation parameters are associated with poor prognosis in patients with novel coronavirus pneumonia. J Thromb Haemost 2020;18(4):844-847.
9. Hoffmann M, Kleine-Weber H, Schroeder S, et al. SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry Depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and is blocked by a clinically proven protease inhibitor. Cell 2020;181(2):271-280.
10. Li X, Wang L, Yan S, et al. Clinical characteristics of 25 death cases with COVID-19: A retrospective review of medical records in a single medical center, Wuhan, China. Int J Infect Dis 2020;94:128-132.
11. Zhang Y, Geng X, Tan Y, et al. New understanding of the damage of SARS-CoV-2 infection outside the respiratory system. Biomed Pharmacother 2020;127:110195.
12. Turner AJ, Hiscox JA, Hooper NM. ACE2: from vasopeptidase to SARS virus receptor. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2004;25(6):291-4.
13. Guo T, Fan Y, Chen M, et al. Cardiovascular implications of fatal outcomes of patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). JAMA Cardiol 2020;5(7):811-818.
14. Pagliaro P, Penna C. ACE/ACE2 ratio: A key also in 2019 Coronavirus Disease (Covid-19)? Front Med (Lausanne) 2020;7:335.
15. Mao R, Qiu Y, He JS, et al. Manifestations and prognosis of gastrointestinal and liver involvement in patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020;5(7):667-678.
16. Menni C, Valdes AM, Freidin MB, et al. Real-time tracking of self-reported symptoms to predict potential COVID-19. Nat Med 2020;26(7):1037-1040.
17. Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, et al. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet 2020;395(10223):507-513.
18. Inciardi RM, Lupi L, Zaccone G, et al. Cardiac involvement in a patient with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). JAMA Cardiol 2020;5(7):819-824.
19. Khan IH, Savarimuthu S, Leung MST, Harky A. The need to manage the risk of thromboembolism in COVID-19 patients. J Vasc Surg 2020;72(3):799-804.
20. Driggin E, Madhavan MV, Bikdeli B, et al. Cardiovascular considerations for patients, health care workers, and health systems during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Am Coll Cardiol 2020;75(18):2352-2371.
21. Rojulpote C, Gonuguntla K, Patil S, Bhattaru A, Bravo PE. COVID-19 and the heart. Colomb Med (Cali) 2020;51(2):e4320.
22. Ozaltun B, Selamoglu Z. Affinity of propofol to human serum albumin and cardiovascular effects. Turkish Journal of Agriculture-Food Science and Technology 2019;7(4):684-87
23. Richardson S, Hirsch JS, Narasimhan M, et al. Presenting characteristics, comorbidities, and outcomes among 5700 patients hospitalized with COVID-19 in the New York City area. JAMA 2020;323(20):2052-2059.
24. Ozdemir B, Gulhan MF, Sahna E, Selamoglu Z. The investigation of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potentials of apitherapeutic agents on heart tissues in nitric oxide synthase inhibited rats via Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester. Clin Exp Hypertens 2021;2;43(1):69-76.
25. Yang X, Yu Y, Xu J, et al. Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study. Lancet Respir Med 2020;8(5):475-481.
26. Özaltun B, Daştan T. Evaluation of antimicrobial activities and In Vitro cytotoxic activities of Gundelia tournefortii L. Plant Extracts. Med J SDU 2019; 26(4): 436-442.
27. Sevindik M, Özdemir B, Braidy N, Akgül H, Akata I, Selamoglu Z. Potential cardiogenic effects of poisonous mushrooms. The Journal of Fungus 2021;12(1):80-86.
28. Shi S, Qin M, Shen B, et al. Association of cardiac injury with mortality in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China. JAMA Cardiol 2020;5(7):802-810.
29. Oudit GY, Kassiri Z, Jiang C, et al. SARS-coronavirus modulation of myocardial ACE2 expression and inflammation in patients with SARS. Eur J Clin Invest 2009;39(7):618-25.
30. Zheng YY, Ma YT, Zhang JY, Xie X. COVID-19 and the cardiovascular system. Nat Rev Cardiol 2020;17(5):259-260.
31. Ozdemir B. Side branch plaque shift in bifurcation lesions in coronary arteries and low density lipoprotein as its marker. Pak Heart J 2020;53(04):365–369
32. Hua A, O'Gallagher K, Sado D, Byrne J. Life-threatening cardiac tamponade complicating myo-pericarditis in COVID-19. Eur Heart J 2020;41(22):2130.
33. Ozdemir B. Association of epicardial fat thickness with ejection fraction in patients with heart failure. JUMMEC 2021;24(1):58-62
34. Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, et al. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet 2020;395(10229):1054-1062.
35. Tan ZC, Fu LH, Wang DD, Hong K. Cardiac manifestations of patients with COVID-19 pneumonia and related treatment recommendations. Zhonghua Xin Xue Guan Bing Za Zhi 2020;48(0):E005.
36. Özaltun B, Sevindik M. Evaluation of the effects on atherosclerosis and antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Agaricus xanthodermus poisonous mushroom. Eur Res J 2020;6(6):539-544.
37. Klok FA, Kruip MJHA, van der Meer NJM, et al. Incidence of thrombotic complications in critically ill ICU patients with COVID-19. Thromb Res 2020;191:145-147.
38. Ozaltun B. Depression of Electrical Storm with Epinephrine. Angiol 2018;6: 215.
39. Kochi AN, Tagliari AP, Forleo GB, Fassini GM, Tondo C. Cardiac and arrhythmic complications in patients with COVID-19. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2020;31(5):1003-1008.
40. Atallah B, Mallah SI, AlMahmeed W. Anticoagulation in COVID-19. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Pharmacother 2020;6(4):260-261.
41. Yamada M, Rastogi P, Ince D, et al. Minimal change disease with nephrotic syndrome associated with Coronavirus Disease 2019 after apolipoprotein l1 risk variant kidney transplant: A Case Report. Transplant Proc 2020;52(9):2693-2697.
42. Novel Prophylactic & Therapeutic Treatment Protocol of the Corona Virus Patients. Available form:URL: https://allergypaais.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/PAAIS-GUIDELINES-FOR-COVID-19.pdf
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 9, No 3 (Summer 2021) | |
| Section | Review Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/jpc.v9i3.7373 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2; COVID-19; Gastrointestinal Tract; Nervous System | ||
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Ali GS, Ozdemir B, Selamoglu Z. A Review of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 and Pathological Disorders in Patients. J Pharm Care. 2021;9(3):141-147.
