Oxidative Stress and Bipolar Mood Disorder: An Important Yet Ambiguous Relationship
Abstract
Bipolar disorder is a chronic psychological condition that disturbs many patients' lives around the world. The exact pathophysiology of bipolar disorder is yet unknown, but there are several hypotheses to explain this condition. One of the most challenging theories is the role of oxidative stress in the progression of bipolar disorder. Here, we conducted a narrative review to gather the studies that investigated the relationship between bipolar disorder and oxidative stress. We searched PubMed, Scopus, Web of science, and google scholar databases using the following keywords: “bipolar disorder,” “oxidative stress,” “oxidative markers,” and “bipolar patients.” A majority of studies showed that oxidative markers such as Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances are significantly higher in bipolar patients compared to healthy subjects. Based on the included articles, bipolar disorder is associated with oxidative stress. Nevertheless, further well-established Cohorts are required to support these results.
1. Grande I, Berk M, Birmaher B, Vieta E. Bipolar disorder. Lancet 2016;387(10027):1561-72.
2. Gama CS, Kunz M, Magalhães PV, Kapczinski F. Staging and neuroprogression in bipolar disorder: a systematic review of the literature. Braz J Psychiatry 2013;35(1):70-4.
3. Berk M, Kapczinski F, Andreazza AC, et al. Pathways underlying neuroprogression in bipolar disorder: focus on inflammation, oxidative stress and neurotrophic factors. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2011;35(3):804-17.
4. Islam MT. Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction-linked neurodegenerative disorders. Neurol Res 2017;39(1):73-82.
5. Scaini G, Rezin GT, Carvalho AF, Streck EL, Berk M, Quevedo J. Mitochondrial dysfunction in bipolar disorder: evidence, pathophysiology and translational implications. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016;68:694-713.
6. Biswas SK. Does the interdependence between oxidative stress and inflammation explain the antioxidant paradox? Oxid Med Cell Longev 2016;2016:5698931.
7. Sigitova E, Fišar Z, Hroudová J, Cikánková T, Raboch J. Biological hypotheses and biomarkers of bipolar disorder. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2017;71(2):77-103.
8. Salim S. Oxidative stress and psychological disorders. Curr Neuropharmacol 2014;12(2):140-7.
9. Andreazza AC, Wang JF, Salmasi F, Shao L, Young LT. Specific subcellular changes in oxidative stress in prefrontal cortex from patients with bipolar disorder. J Neurochem 2013;127(4):552-61.
10. Gigante AD, Young LT, Yatham LN, et al. Morphometric post-mortem studies in bipolar disorder: possible association with oxidative stress and apoptosis Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2011;14(8):1075-89.
11. Kim HK, Andreazza AC. The relationship between oxidative stress and post-translational modification of the dopamine transporter in bipolar disorder. Expert Rev Neurother 2012;12(7):849-59.
12. Kapczinski F, Frey BN, Andreazza AC, Kauer-Sant'Anna M, Cunha Â, Post RM. Increased oxidative stress as a mechanism for decreased BDNF levels in acute manic episodes. Braz J Psychiatry 2008;30(3):243-5.
13. Grande I, Fries GR, Kunz M, Kapczinski F. The role of BDNF as a mediator of neuroplasticity in bipolar disorder. Psychiatry Investig 2010;7(4):243.
14. Andreazza AC, Kauer-Sant'Anna M, Frey BN, et al. Oxidative stress markers in bipolar disorder: a meta-analysis. J Affect Disord 2008;111(2-3):135-44.
15. Cudney LE, Sassi RB, Behr GA, et al. Alterations in circadian rhythms are associated with increased lipid peroxidation in females with bipolar disorder. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2014;17(5):715-22.
16. Cunha-Oliveira T, Cristina Rego A, R Oliveira C. Oxidative stress and drugs of abuse: an update. Mini-Reviews in Organic Chemistry 2013;10(4):321-34.
17. Tsai MC, Huang TL. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) is a state biomarker of oxidative stress in bipolar patients in a manic phase. J Affect Disord 2015;173:22-6.
18. Kuloglu M, Ustundag B, Atmaca M, Canatan H, Tezcan AE, Cinkilinc N. Lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzyme levels in patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Cell Biochem Funct 2002;20(2):171-5.
19. Savaş HA, Herken H, Yürekli M, et al. Possible role of nitric oxide and adrenomedullin in bipolar affective disorder. Neuropsychobiol 2002;45(2):57-61.
20. Ranjekar PK, Hinge A, Hegde MV, et al. Decreased antioxidant enzymes and membrane essential polyunsaturated fatty acids in schizophrenic and bipolar mood disorder patients. Psychiatry Res 2003;121(2):109-22.
21. Ozcan ME, Gulec M, Ozerol E, Polat R, Akyol O. Antioxidant enzyme activities and oxidative stress in affective disorders. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2004;19(2):89-95.
22. Andreazza AC, Cassini C, Rosa AR, et al. Serum S100B and antioxidant enzymes in bipolar patients. J Psychiatr Res 2007;41(6):523-9.
23. Gergerlioglu HS, Savas HA, Bulbul F, Selek S, Uz E, Yumru M. Changes in nitric oxide level and superoxide dismutase activity during antimanic treatment. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2007;31(3):697-702.
24. Machado-Vieira R, Andreazza AC, Viale CI, et al. Oxidative stress parameters in unmedicated and treated bipolar subjects during initial manic episode: a possible role for lithium antioxidant effects. Neurosci Lett 2007;421(1):33-6.
25. Selek S, Savas HA, Gergerlioglu HS, Bulbul F, Uz E, Yumru M. The course of nitric oxide and superoxide dismutase during treatment of bipolar depressive episode. J Affect Disord 2008;107(1-3):89-94.
26. Kunz M, Gama CS, Andreazza AC, et al. Elevated serum superoxide dismutase and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in different phases of bipolar disorder and in schizophrenia. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2008;32(7):1677-81.
27. Yumru M, Savas HA, Kalenderoglu A, Bulut M, Celik H, Erel O. Oxidative imbalance in bipolar disorder subtypes: a comparative study. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2009;33(6):1070-4.
28. Andreazza AC, Kapczinski F, Kauer-Sant’Anna M, et al. 3-Nitrotyrosine and glutathione antioxidant system in patients in the early and late stages of bipolar disorder. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2009;34(4):263-71.
29. Aksoy SN, Saygili EI, Bulbul F, et al. Myeloperoxidase enzyme levels and oxidative stress in bipolar disorders. African Journal of Biotechnology 2010;9(22):3318-23.
30. Kapczinski F, Dal-Pizzol F, Teixeira AL, et al. Peripheral biomarkers and illness activity in bipolar disorder. J Psychiatr Res 2011;45(2):156-61.
31. Raffa M, Barhoumi S, Atig F, Fendri C, Kerkeni A, Mechri A. Reduced antioxidant defense systems in schizophrenia and bipolar I disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2012;39(2):371-5.
32. Magalhaes PV, Jansen K, Pinheiro RT, et al. Peripheral oxidative damage in early-stage mood disorders: a nested population-based case-control study. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2012;15(8):1043-50.
33. Lagopoulos J, Hermens DF, Tobias-Webb J, et al. In vivo glutathione levels in young persons with bipolar disorder: a magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. J Psychiatr Res 2013;47(3):412-7.
34. Soeiro-de-Souza MG, Andreazza AC, Carvalho AF, Machado-Vieira R, Young LT, Moreno RA. Number of manic episodes is associated with elevated DNA oxidation in bipolar I disorder. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2013;16(7):1505-12.
35. Gubert C, Stertz L, Pfaffenseller B, et al. Mitochondrial activity and oxidative stress markers in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and healthy subjects. J Psychiatr Res 2013;47(10):1396-402.
36. Godlewska BR, Yip SW, Near J, Goodwin GM, Cowen PJ. Cortical glutathione levels in young people with bipolar disorder: a pilot study using magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Psychopharmacol 2014;231(2):327-32.
37. Versace A, Andreazza AC, Young L, et al. Elevated serum measures of lipid peroxidation and abnormal prefrontal white matter in euthymic bipolar adults: toward peripheral biomarkers of bipolar disorder. Mol Psychiatry 2014;19(2):200-8.
38. Aydemir Ö, Çubukçuoğlu Z, Erdin S, Taş C, Onur E, Berk M. Oxidative stress markers, cognitive functions, and psychosocial functioning in bipolar disorder: an empirical cross-sectional study. Braz J Psychiatry 2014;36(4):293-7.
39. de Sousa RT, Zarate Jr CA, Zanetti MV, et al. Oxidative stress in early stage bipolar disorder and the association with response to lithium. J Psychiatr Res 2014;50:36-41.
40. Rosa A, Singh N, Whitaker E, et al. Altered plasma glutathione levels in bipolar disorder indicates higher oxidative stress; a possible risk factor for illness onset despite normal brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels. Psychol Med 2014;44(11):2409-18.
41. Bengesser S, Lackner N, Birner A, et al. Peripheral markers of oxidative stress and antioxidative defense in euthymia of bipolar disorder—gender and obesity effects. J Affect Disord 2015;172:367-74.
42. Tunçel ÖK, Sarısoy G, Bilgici B, et al. Oxidative stress in bipolar and schizophrenia patients. Psychiatry Res 2015;228(3):688-94.
43. Hatch J, Andreazza A, Olowoyeye O, Rezin GT, Moody A, Goldstein BI. Cardiovascular and psychiatric characteristics associated with oxidative stress markers among adolescents with bipolar disorder. J Psychosom Res.2015;79(3):222-7.
44. Andreazza AC, Gildengers A, Rajji TK, Zuzarte PM, Mulsant BH, Young LT. Oxidative stress in older patients with bipolar disorder. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2015;23(3):314-9.
45. Chitty KM, Lagopoulos J, Hickie IB, Hermens DF. A longitudinal proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study investigating oxidative stress as a result of alcohol and tobacco use in youth with bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord 2015;175:481-7.
46. Dubey RK, Gautam N, Dhakal N, Baral N, Lamsal M, Shyangwa PM. Antioxidant enzyme activities and lipid peroxidation in patients with bipolar affective disorder. Journal of Universal College of Medical Sciences 2015;3(3):12-6.
47. Yirün MC, Kübranur Ü, Şen NA, Yirün O, Aydemir Ç, Erol G. Evaluation of oxidative stress in bipolar disorder in terms of total oxidant status, total antioxidant status, and oxidative stress index. Noro Psikiyatr Ars 2016;53(3):194-198.
48. Jacoby AS, Vinberg M, Poulsen HE, Kessing LV, Munkholm K. Increased DNA and RNA damage by oxidation in patients with bipolar I disorder. Transl Psychiatry 2016;6(8):e867-e.
49. Mansur RB, Rizzo LB, Santos CM, et al. Bipolar disorder course, impaired glucose metabolism and antioxidant enzymes activities: A preliminary report. J Psychiatr Res 2016;80:38-44.
50. Mansur RB, Santos CM, Rizzo LB, et al. Inter‐relation between brain‐derived neurotrophic factor and antioxidant enzymes in bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord 2016;18(5):433-9.
51. Siwek M, Sowa-Kucma M, Styczen K, et al. Thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances: markers of an acute episode and a late stage of bipolar disorder. Neuropsychobiol 2016;73(2):116-22.
52. Mondin TC, de Azevedo Cardoso T, Moreira FP, et al. Circadian preferences, oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokines in bipolar disorder: a community study. J Neuroimmunol 2016;301:23-9.
53. Akgün S, Köken T, Kahraman A. Evaluation of adiponectin and leptin levels and oxidative stress in bipolar disorder patients with metabolic syndrome treated by valproic acid. J Psychopharmacol 2017;31(11):1453-9.
54. Nucifora L, Tanaka T, Hayes L, et al. Reduction of plasma glutathione in psychosis associated with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder in translational psychiatry. Transl Psychiatry 2017;7(8):e1215-e.
55. Akarsu S, Bolu A, Aydemir E, et al. The relationship between the number of manic episodes and oxidative stress indicators in bipolar disorder. Psychiatry Investig 2018;15(5):514.
56. Erzin G, Kotan VO, Topçuoğlu C, et al. Thiol/disulphide homeostasis in bipolar disorder. Psychiatry Res 2018;261:237-42.
57. Ngamchuea K, Batchelor-McAuley C, Williams C, et al. Salivary glutathione in bipolar disorder: A pilot study. J Affect Disord 2018;238:277-80.
58. Valvassori SS, Bavaresco DV, Feier G, et al. Increased oxidative stress in the mitochondria isolated from lymphocytes of bipolar disorder patients during depressive episodes. Psychiatry Res 2018;264:192-201.
59. Maes M, Bonifacio KL, Morelli NR, et al. Major differences in neurooxidative and neuronitrosative stress pathways between major depressive disorder and types I and II bipolar disorder. Mol Neurobiol2019;56(1):141-56.
60. Lv Q, Guo Y, Zhu M, et al. Predicting individual responses to lithium with oxidative stress markers in drug-free bipolar disorder World J Biol Psychiatry 2019;20(10):778-89.
61. Knorr U, Simonsen AH, Roos P, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid oxidative stress metabolites in patients with bipolar disorder and healthy controls: a longitudinal case-control study. Transl Psychiatry 2019;9(1):1-10.
62. Demir B, Alpak G. Oxidative metabolism and urotensin-II levels among bipolar disorder patients in a manic episode. Medicine 2019;8(3):703-9.
63. Lv Q, Hu Q, Zhang W, et al. Disturbance of oxidative stress parameters in treatment-resistant bipolar disorder and their association with electroconvulsive therapy response. International J Neuropsychopharmacol 2020;23(4):207-16.
64. Tang V, Wang J. Oxidative stress in bipolar disorder. Biochem Anal Biochem 2012;10:2161-1009.
65. Gawryluk JW, Wang JF, Andreazza AC, Shao L, Young LT. Decreased levels of glutathione, the major brain antioxidant, in post-mortem prefrontal cortex from patients with psychiatric disorders. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2011;14(1):123-30.
66. Emerit J, Edeas M, Bricaire F. Neurodegenerative diseases and oxidative stress. Biomed Pharmacother 2004;58(1):39-46.
67. Fernández-Sánchez A, Madrigal-Santillán E, Bautista M, et al. Inflammation, oxidative stress, and obesity. Int J Mol Sci 2011;12(5):3117-32.
2. Gama CS, Kunz M, Magalhães PV, Kapczinski F. Staging and neuroprogression in bipolar disorder: a systematic review of the literature. Braz J Psychiatry 2013;35(1):70-4.
3. Berk M, Kapczinski F, Andreazza AC, et al. Pathways underlying neuroprogression in bipolar disorder: focus on inflammation, oxidative stress and neurotrophic factors. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2011;35(3):804-17.
4. Islam MT. Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction-linked neurodegenerative disorders. Neurol Res 2017;39(1):73-82.
5. Scaini G, Rezin GT, Carvalho AF, Streck EL, Berk M, Quevedo J. Mitochondrial dysfunction in bipolar disorder: evidence, pathophysiology and translational implications. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016;68:694-713.
6. Biswas SK. Does the interdependence between oxidative stress and inflammation explain the antioxidant paradox? Oxid Med Cell Longev 2016;2016:5698931.
7. Sigitova E, Fišar Z, Hroudová J, Cikánková T, Raboch J. Biological hypotheses and biomarkers of bipolar disorder. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2017;71(2):77-103.
8. Salim S. Oxidative stress and psychological disorders. Curr Neuropharmacol 2014;12(2):140-7.
9. Andreazza AC, Wang JF, Salmasi F, Shao L, Young LT. Specific subcellular changes in oxidative stress in prefrontal cortex from patients with bipolar disorder. J Neurochem 2013;127(4):552-61.
10. Gigante AD, Young LT, Yatham LN, et al. Morphometric post-mortem studies in bipolar disorder: possible association with oxidative stress and apoptosis Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2011;14(8):1075-89.
11. Kim HK, Andreazza AC. The relationship between oxidative stress and post-translational modification of the dopamine transporter in bipolar disorder. Expert Rev Neurother 2012;12(7):849-59.
12. Kapczinski F, Frey BN, Andreazza AC, Kauer-Sant'Anna M, Cunha Â, Post RM. Increased oxidative stress as a mechanism for decreased BDNF levels in acute manic episodes. Braz J Psychiatry 2008;30(3):243-5.
13. Grande I, Fries GR, Kunz M, Kapczinski F. The role of BDNF as a mediator of neuroplasticity in bipolar disorder. Psychiatry Investig 2010;7(4):243.
14. Andreazza AC, Kauer-Sant'Anna M, Frey BN, et al. Oxidative stress markers in bipolar disorder: a meta-analysis. J Affect Disord 2008;111(2-3):135-44.
15. Cudney LE, Sassi RB, Behr GA, et al. Alterations in circadian rhythms are associated with increased lipid peroxidation in females with bipolar disorder. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2014;17(5):715-22.
16. Cunha-Oliveira T, Cristina Rego A, R Oliveira C. Oxidative stress and drugs of abuse: an update. Mini-Reviews in Organic Chemistry 2013;10(4):321-34.
17. Tsai MC, Huang TL. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) is a state biomarker of oxidative stress in bipolar patients in a manic phase. J Affect Disord 2015;173:22-6.
18. Kuloglu M, Ustundag B, Atmaca M, Canatan H, Tezcan AE, Cinkilinc N. Lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzyme levels in patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Cell Biochem Funct 2002;20(2):171-5.
19. Savaş HA, Herken H, Yürekli M, et al. Possible role of nitric oxide and adrenomedullin in bipolar affective disorder. Neuropsychobiol 2002;45(2):57-61.
20. Ranjekar PK, Hinge A, Hegde MV, et al. Decreased antioxidant enzymes and membrane essential polyunsaturated fatty acids in schizophrenic and bipolar mood disorder patients. Psychiatry Res 2003;121(2):109-22.
21. Ozcan ME, Gulec M, Ozerol E, Polat R, Akyol O. Antioxidant enzyme activities and oxidative stress in affective disorders. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2004;19(2):89-95.
22. Andreazza AC, Cassini C, Rosa AR, et al. Serum S100B and antioxidant enzymes in bipolar patients. J Psychiatr Res 2007;41(6):523-9.
23. Gergerlioglu HS, Savas HA, Bulbul F, Selek S, Uz E, Yumru M. Changes in nitric oxide level and superoxide dismutase activity during antimanic treatment. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2007;31(3):697-702.
24. Machado-Vieira R, Andreazza AC, Viale CI, et al. Oxidative stress parameters in unmedicated and treated bipolar subjects during initial manic episode: a possible role for lithium antioxidant effects. Neurosci Lett 2007;421(1):33-6.
25. Selek S, Savas HA, Gergerlioglu HS, Bulbul F, Uz E, Yumru M. The course of nitric oxide and superoxide dismutase during treatment of bipolar depressive episode. J Affect Disord 2008;107(1-3):89-94.
26. Kunz M, Gama CS, Andreazza AC, et al. Elevated serum superoxide dismutase and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in different phases of bipolar disorder and in schizophrenia. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2008;32(7):1677-81.
27. Yumru M, Savas HA, Kalenderoglu A, Bulut M, Celik H, Erel O. Oxidative imbalance in bipolar disorder subtypes: a comparative study. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2009;33(6):1070-4.
28. Andreazza AC, Kapczinski F, Kauer-Sant’Anna M, et al. 3-Nitrotyrosine and glutathione antioxidant system in patients in the early and late stages of bipolar disorder. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2009;34(4):263-71.
29. Aksoy SN, Saygili EI, Bulbul F, et al. Myeloperoxidase enzyme levels and oxidative stress in bipolar disorders. African Journal of Biotechnology 2010;9(22):3318-23.
30. Kapczinski F, Dal-Pizzol F, Teixeira AL, et al. Peripheral biomarkers and illness activity in bipolar disorder. J Psychiatr Res 2011;45(2):156-61.
31. Raffa M, Barhoumi S, Atig F, Fendri C, Kerkeni A, Mechri A. Reduced antioxidant defense systems in schizophrenia and bipolar I disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2012;39(2):371-5.
32. Magalhaes PV, Jansen K, Pinheiro RT, et al. Peripheral oxidative damage in early-stage mood disorders: a nested population-based case-control study. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2012;15(8):1043-50.
33. Lagopoulos J, Hermens DF, Tobias-Webb J, et al. In vivo glutathione levels in young persons with bipolar disorder: a magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. J Psychiatr Res 2013;47(3):412-7.
34. Soeiro-de-Souza MG, Andreazza AC, Carvalho AF, Machado-Vieira R, Young LT, Moreno RA. Number of manic episodes is associated with elevated DNA oxidation in bipolar I disorder. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2013;16(7):1505-12.
35. Gubert C, Stertz L, Pfaffenseller B, et al. Mitochondrial activity and oxidative stress markers in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and healthy subjects. J Psychiatr Res 2013;47(10):1396-402.
36. Godlewska BR, Yip SW, Near J, Goodwin GM, Cowen PJ. Cortical glutathione levels in young people with bipolar disorder: a pilot study using magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Psychopharmacol 2014;231(2):327-32.
37. Versace A, Andreazza AC, Young L, et al. Elevated serum measures of lipid peroxidation and abnormal prefrontal white matter in euthymic bipolar adults: toward peripheral biomarkers of bipolar disorder. Mol Psychiatry 2014;19(2):200-8.
38. Aydemir Ö, Çubukçuoğlu Z, Erdin S, Taş C, Onur E, Berk M. Oxidative stress markers, cognitive functions, and psychosocial functioning in bipolar disorder: an empirical cross-sectional study. Braz J Psychiatry 2014;36(4):293-7.
39. de Sousa RT, Zarate Jr CA, Zanetti MV, et al. Oxidative stress in early stage bipolar disorder and the association with response to lithium. J Psychiatr Res 2014;50:36-41.
40. Rosa A, Singh N, Whitaker E, et al. Altered plasma glutathione levels in bipolar disorder indicates higher oxidative stress; a possible risk factor for illness onset despite normal brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels. Psychol Med 2014;44(11):2409-18.
41. Bengesser S, Lackner N, Birner A, et al. Peripheral markers of oxidative stress and antioxidative defense in euthymia of bipolar disorder—gender and obesity effects. J Affect Disord 2015;172:367-74.
42. Tunçel ÖK, Sarısoy G, Bilgici B, et al. Oxidative stress in bipolar and schizophrenia patients. Psychiatry Res 2015;228(3):688-94.
43. Hatch J, Andreazza A, Olowoyeye O, Rezin GT, Moody A, Goldstein BI. Cardiovascular and psychiatric characteristics associated with oxidative stress markers among adolescents with bipolar disorder. J Psychosom Res.2015;79(3):222-7.
44. Andreazza AC, Gildengers A, Rajji TK, Zuzarte PM, Mulsant BH, Young LT. Oxidative stress in older patients with bipolar disorder. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2015;23(3):314-9.
45. Chitty KM, Lagopoulos J, Hickie IB, Hermens DF. A longitudinal proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study investigating oxidative stress as a result of alcohol and tobacco use in youth with bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord 2015;175:481-7.
46. Dubey RK, Gautam N, Dhakal N, Baral N, Lamsal M, Shyangwa PM. Antioxidant enzyme activities and lipid peroxidation in patients with bipolar affective disorder. Journal of Universal College of Medical Sciences 2015;3(3):12-6.
47. Yirün MC, Kübranur Ü, Şen NA, Yirün O, Aydemir Ç, Erol G. Evaluation of oxidative stress in bipolar disorder in terms of total oxidant status, total antioxidant status, and oxidative stress index. Noro Psikiyatr Ars 2016;53(3):194-198.
48. Jacoby AS, Vinberg M, Poulsen HE, Kessing LV, Munkholm K. Increased DNA and RNA damage by oxidation in patients with bipolar I disorder. Transl Psychiatry 2016;6(8):e867-e.
49. Mansur RB, Rizzo LB, Santos CM, et al. Bipolar disorder course, impaired glucose metabolism and antioxidant enzymes activities: A preliminary report. J Psychiatr Res 2016;80:38-44.
50. Mansur RB, Santos CM, Rizzo LB, et al. Inter‐relation between brain‐derived neurotrophic factor and antioxidant enzymes in bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord 2016;18(5):433-9.
51. Siwek M, Sowa-Kucma M, Styczen K, et al. Thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances: markers of an acute episode and a late stage of bipolar disorder. Neuropsychobiol 2016;73(2):116-22.
52. Mondin TC, de Azevedo Cardoso T, Moreira FP, et al. Circadian preferences, oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokines in bipolar disorder: a community study. J Neuroimmunol 2016;301:23-9.
53. Akgün S, Köken T, Kahraman A. Evaluation of adiponectin and leptin levels and oxidative stress in bipolar disorder patients with metabolic syndrome treated by valproic acid. J Psychopharmacol 2017;31(11):1453-9.
54. Nucifora L, Tanaka T, Hayes L, et al. Reduction of plasma glutathione in psychosis associated with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder in translational psychiatry. Transl Psychiatry 2017;7(8):e1215-e.
55. Akarsu S, Bolu A, Aydemir E, et al. The relationship between the number of manic episodes and oxidative stress indicators in bipolar disorder. Psychiatry Investig 2018;15(5):514.
56. Erzin G, Kotan VO, Topçuoğlu C, et al. Thiol/disulphide homeostasis in bipolar disorder. Psychiatry Res 2018;261:237-42.
57. Ngamchuea K, Batchelor-McAuley C, Williams C, et al. Salivary glutathione in bipolar disorder: A pilot study. J Affect Disord 2018;238:277-80.
58. Valvassori SS, Bavaresco DV, Feier G, et al. Increased oxidative stress in the mitochondria isolated from lymphocytes of bipolar disorder patients during depressive episodes. Psychiatry Res 2018;264:192-201.
59. Maes M, Bonifacio KL, Morelli NR, et al. Major differences in neurooxidative and neuronitrosative stress pathways between major depressive disorder and types I and II bipolar disorder. Mol Neurobiol2019;56(1):141-56.
60. Lv Q, Guo Y, Zhu M, et al. Predicting individual responses to lithium with oxidative stress markers in drug-free bipolar disorder World J Biol Psychiatry 2019;20(10):778-89.
61. Knorr U, Simonsen AH, Roos P, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid oxidative stress metabolites in patients with bipolar disorder and healthy controls: a longitudinal case-control study. Transl Psychiatry 2019;9(1):1-10.
62. Demir B, Alpak G. Oxidative metabolism and urotensin-II levels among bipolar disorder patients in a manic episode. Medicine 2019;8(3):703-9.
63. Lv Q, Hu Q, Zhang W, et al. Disturbance of oxidative stress parameters in treatment-resistant bipolar disorder and their association with electroconvulsive therapy response. International J Neuropsychopharmacol 2020;23(4):207-16.
64. Tang V, Wang J. Oxidative stress in bipolar disorder. Biochem Anal Biochem 2012;10:2161-1009.
65. Gawryluk JW, Wang JF, Andreazza AC, Shao L, Young LT. Decreased levels of glutathione, the major brain antioxidant, in post-mortem prefrontal cortex from patients with psychiatric disorders. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2011;14(1):123-30.
66. Emerit J, Edeas M, Bricaire F. Neurodegenerative diseases and oxidative stress. Biomed Pharmacother 2004;58(1):39-46.
67. Fernández-Sánchez A, Madrigal-Santillán E, Bautista M, et al. Inflammation, oxidative stress, and obesity. Int J Mol Sci 2011;12(5):3117-32.
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| Issue | Vol 9, No 4 (Autumn 2021) | |
| Section | Review Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/jpc.v9i4.8225 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Bipolar Disorder Oxidative Stress Biomarkers | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Rahsepar S, Mohammadpour A. Oxidative Stress and Bipolar Mood Disorder: An Important Yet Ambiguous Relationship. J Pharm Care. 2021;9(4):195-208.
