Potential Therapeutic Uses of Thalidomide for Pulmonary Fibrosis
-
Niloofar Rashidpour
,
Somayeh Karami-mohajeri
,
Alireza Farsinejad
,
Dorsa Alizadegan
,
Mozhgan Taebi
,
Ehsan Amiri-Ardakani
Abstract
Thalidomide was widely used to avoid morning sickness in pregnant women, but was recalled due to its teratogenic effects and malformations in thousands of children. However, potential beneficial effects such as anti-inflammatory, system regulatory activities and the anti-angiogenic effect of thalidomide have been reported. As the studies about thalidomide continued, its new effects and applications made researchers more interested in it and became a promising agent in the treatment of a variety of clinical situations where standard treatments have failed. To make this purpose more achievable, Scopus, Science Direct, Google Scholar, and PubMed were searched. After obtaining and reviewing articles related to thalidomide and its indications, different therapeutic uses of thalidomide for pulmonary diseases are classified on mechanisms. In recent years, thalidomide has been an effective agent in treating cough associated with pulmonary fibrosis and the main suggested mechanism refers to regulation production of inflammatory mediators, including cytokines and chemokines, which trigger Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT). The mechanism of EMT is related to the inhibition of Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β1)-mediated signaling pathways, Smad2 (Suppressor of Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 2) / 3, Akt / Glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK-3β), and Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). Thalidomide is also involved in paraquat-induced and bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Also, Thalidomide gained attention as a suitable agent for the treatment of cough associated with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and for severe pulmonary damage cause by severe acute respiratory syndrome, coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), responsible for the global pandemic in 2020, due to its anti-inflammatory-anti-angiogenesis and pro-apoptotic properties.
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2. De Sanctis JB, Mijares M, Suárez A, et al. Pharmacological properties of thalidomide and its analogues. Recent Pat Inflamm Allergy Drug Discov. 2010;4(2):144-8.
3. D’Amato R. Loughnan MS. Flynn E Folkman J. Thalidomide is an inhibitor of angiogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1994;91:4082-5.
4. Weber D, Rankin K, Gavino M, Delasalle K, Alexanian R. Thalidomide alone or with dexamethasone for previously untreated multiple myeloma. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21(1):16-9.
5. Tsirigotis P, Venetis E, Rontogianni D, Dervenoulas J, Kontopidou F, Apostolidis P. Thalidomide in the treatment of myelodysplastic syndrome with fibrosis. Leukemia Res. 2002;26(10):965-6.
6. Wang X, Chen Y, Du Q, Du Q. Successful treatment of thalidomide for recurrent bleeding due to gastric angiodysplasia in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2013;17(8):1114-6.
7. Aragon-Ching JB, Li H, Gardner ER, Figg WD. Thalidomide analogues as anticancer drugs. Recent Pat Anticancer Drug Discov. 2007;2(2):167-74.
8. Horton MR, Danoff SK, Lechtzin N. Thalidomide inhibits the intractable cough of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Thorax. 2008;63(8):749.
9. Horton MR, Santopietro V, Mathew L, et al. Thalidomide for the treatment of cough in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2012;157(6):398-406.
10. Ye Q, Chen B, Tong Z, et al. Thalidomide reduces IL-18, IL-8 and TNF-α release from alveolar macrophages in interstitial lung disease. Eur Respir J. 2006;28(4):824-31.
11. Selman M, King Jr TE, Pardo A. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: prevailing and evolving hypotheses about its pathogenesis and implications for therapy. Ann Intern Med. 2001;134(2):136-51.
12. Jie S, Qiang N, Min Y. Clinical research and correlated cytokine study of thalidomide combined with prednisone on idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Practical Pharmacy and Clinical Remedies. 2012;10(5).
13. Zhang L, Wei-lin Y. Effect of thalidomide on the expressions of IL-6, TNF-α and TGF-β1 in BALF of elder patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Xi'an jiao tong da xue xue bao Yi xue ban. 2012(5):622.
14. Tabata C, Tabata R, Kadokawa Y, et al. Thalidomide prevents bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice. J Immunol. 2007;179(1):708-14.
15. Choe JY, Jung HJ, Park KY, et al. Anti-fibrotic effect of thalidomide through inhibiting TGF-β-induced ERK1/2 pathways in bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis in mice. Inflammation Res. 2010;59(3):177-88.
16. Serrano AG, León R, Sayago M, Márquez JL. Thalidomide treatment in cirrhotic patients with severe anemia secondary to vascular malformations. Dig Dis Sci. 2012;57(4):1112-3.
17. Dong X, Li X, Li M, Chen M, Fan Q, Wei W. Inhibitory effects of thalidomide on bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in rats via regulation of thioredoxin reductase and inflammations. Am J Transl Res. 2017;9(10):4390.
18. Li D, Zhang XW, Jiang XQ, et al. Protective effects of thalidomide on pulmonary injuries in a rat model of paraquat intoxication. J Inflammation. 2015;12(1):1-8.
19. Borthwick LA. The IL-1 cytokine family and its role in inflammation and fibrosis in the lung. Semin Immunopathol. 2016;38(4):517-34.
20. Saito A, Horie M, Nagase T. TGF-β signaling in lung health and disease. Int J Mol Sci . 2018;19(8):2460.
21. Markopoulos GS, Roupakia E, Marcu KB, Kolettas E. Epigenetic regulation of inflammatory cytokine-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal cell transition and cancer stem cell generation. Cells. 2019;8(10):1143.
22. Li Y, Shi K, Qi F, et al. Thalidomide combined with short-term low-dose glucocorticoid therapy for the treatment of severe COVID-19: A case-series study. Int J Infect Dis. 2021;103:507-513.
23. Bartlett JB, Dredge K, Dalgleish AG. The evolution of thalidomide and its IMiD derivatives as anticancer agents. Nat Rev Cancer. 2004;4(4):314-22.
24. Chen C, Qi F, Shi K, et al. Thalidomide combined with low‐dose short‐term glucocorticoid in the treatment of critical Coronavirus Disease 2019. Clin Transl Med. 2020;10(2):e35.
25. Liu Q, Zhou Yh, Yang Zq. The cytokine storm of severe influenza and development of immunomodulatory therapy. Cell Mol Immunol. 2016;13(1):3-10.
26. Hanekom WA, Hughes J, Haslett PA, et al. The immunomodulatory effects of thalidomide on human immunodeficiency virus–infected children. J Infect Dis. 2001;184(9):1192-6.
27. Chen H, Chen Q, Jiang Cm, et al. Triptolide suppresses paraquat induced idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis by inhibiting TGFB1-dependent epithelial mesenchymal transition. Toxicol Lett. 2018;284:1-9.
28. Bianchi M, Fantuzzi G, Bertini R, Perin L, Salmona M, Ghezzi P. The pneumotoxicant paraquat induces IL-8 mRNA in human mononuclear cells and pulmonary epithelial cells. Cytokine. 1993;5(5):525-30.
29. Keller M, Sollberger G, Beer HD. Thalidomide inhibits activation of caspase-1. J Immunol. 2009;183(9):5593-9.
30. Wu Z, McGoogan JM. Characteristics of and important lessons from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in China: summary of a report of 72 314 cases from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. JAMA. 2020;323(13):1239-42.
31. Liu T, Guo F, Zhu X, He X, Xie L. Thalidomide and its analogues: A review of the potential for immunomodulation of fibrosis diseases and opthalmopathy. Exp Ther Med. . 2017;14(6):5251-7.
32. Malekinejad H, Rezabakhsh A, Rahmani F, Razi M. Paraquat exposure up-regulates cyclooxygenase-2 in the lungs, liver and kidneys in rats. Iran J Pharm Res. 2013;12(4):887.
33. Jin H. Imrecoxib Inhibits Paraquat-Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis through the NF-κB/Snail Signaling Pathway. Comput Math Methods Med. 2020;2020:6374014.
34. Kalantar M, Khodayar MJ, Kalantari H, Khorsandi L, Hemmati AA. Therapeutic effect of gallic acid against paraquat-induced lung injury in rat. Jundishapur Journal of Natural Pharmaceutical Products. 2018;13(3):13.
35. Liu Mw, Su Mx, Tang Dy, Hao L, Xun XH, Huang Yq. Ligustrazin increases lung cell autophagy and ameliorates paraquat-induced pulmonary fibrosis by inhibiting PI3K/Akt/mTOR and hedgehog signalling via increasing miR-193a expression. BMC Pulm Med. 2019;19(1):1-16.
36. Huang M, Wang YP, Zhu LQ, Cai Q, Li HH, Yang HF. MAPK pathway mediates epithelial‐mesenchymal transition induced by paraquat in alveolar epithelial cells. Environ Toxicol. 2016;31(11):1407-14.
37. Wang J, Zhu Y, Tan J, Meng X, Xie H, Wang R. Lysyl oxidase promotes epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition during paraquat-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Mol Biosyst. 2016;12(2):499-507.
38. Dubaybo B, Thet L. Changes in lung tissue and lavage fibronectin after paraquat injury in rats. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol. 1986;51(2):211-20.
39. Liu X, Qian L, Nan H, Cui M, Hao X, Du Y. Function of the transforming growth factor‑β1/c‑Jun N‑terminal kinase signaling pathway in the action of thalidomide on a rat model of pulmonary fibrosis. Exp Ther Med. 2014;7(3):669-74.
40. Liang CJ, Yen YH, Hung LY, et al. Thalidomide inhibits fibronectin production in TGF-β1-treated normal and keloid fibroblasts via inhibition of the p38/Smad3 pathway. Biochem Pharmacol. 2013;85(11):1594-602.
41. Zhou XL, Xu P, Chen HH, et al. Thalidomide inhibits TGF-β1-induced epithelial to mesenchymal transition in alveolar epithelial cells via Smad-dependent and Smad-independent signaling pathways. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):1-10.
42. Massagué J, Wotton D. Transcriptional control by the TGF‐β/Smad signaling system. EMBO J. 2000;19(8):1745-54.
43. Phanish MK, Wahab NA, Colville-Nash P, Hendry BM, Dockrell ME. The differential role of Smad2 and Smad3 in the regulation of pro-fibrotic TGFβ1 responses in human proximal-tubule epithelial cells. Biochem J. 2006;393(2):601-7.
44. Li T, Yang X, Xin S, Cao Y, Wang N. Paraquat poisoning induced pulmonary epithelial mesenchymal transition through Notch1 pathway. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):1-8.
45. Phan SH. Biology of fibroblasts and myofibroblasts. Proc Am Thorac Soc. 2008;5(3):334-7.
46. Nakashima T, Liu T, Yu H, et al. Lung bone marrow–derived hematopoietic progenitor cells enhance pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2013;188(8):976-84.
47. Kisseleva T, Brenner DA. Mechanisms of fibrogenesis. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2008;233(2):109-22.
48. Kothari AN, Mi Z, Zapf M, Kuo PC. Novel clinical therapeutics targeting the epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Clin Transl Med. 2014;3(1):1-14.
49. Dongre A, Weinberg RA. New insights into the mechanisms of epithelial–mesenchymal transition and implications for cancer. Nature reviews Molecular cell biology. 2019;20(2):69-84.
50. Lamouille S, Xu J, Derynck R. Molecular mechanisms of epithelial–mesenchymal transition. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2014;15(3):178-96.
51. Han YY, Shen P, Chang WX. Involvement of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and associated transforming growth factor-β/Smad signaling in paraquat-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Mol Med Rep. 2015;12(6):7979-84.
52. Zhao L, Xiao K, Wang H, et al. Thalidomide has a therapeutic effect on interstitial lung fibrosis: evidence from in vitro and in vivo studies. Clin Exp Immunol. 2009;157(2):310-5.
53. Weng CM, Li Q, Chen KJ, et al. Bleomycin induces epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition via bFGF/PI3K/ESRP1 signaling in pulmonary fibrosis. Biosci Rep. 2020;40(1):BSR20190756.
54. Rafii R, Juarez MM, Albertson TE, Chan AL. A review of current and novel therapies for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. J Thorac Dis. 2013;5(1):48.
55. Datta A, Scotton CJ, Chambers RC. Novel therapeutic approaches for pulmonary fibrosis. Brit J Pharmacol. 2011;163(1):141-72.
56. Knobloch J, Jungck D, Koch A. Apoptosis induction by thalidomide: critical for limb teratogenicity but therapeutic potential in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis? Curr Mol Pharmacol. 2011;4(1):26-61.
57. Amirshahrokhi K. Anti-inflammatory effect of thalidomide in paraquat-induced pulmonary injury in mice. Int Immunopharmacol. 2013;17(2):210-5.
58. Ardaneh M, Tavakoli-far F, Payandeh A, Amiri-Ardekani E. How Screening plays role in Covid-19 management? Results of a Cross-Sectional Study on Covid-19 patients signs and symptoms. Turkish Journal of Internal Medicine. 2021;3(4):195-200.
59. Far F, Amiri-Ardekani E. Spike protein and involved proteases in SARS-COV-2 pathogenicity and treatment; a review. Proceedings of the Shevchenko Scientific Society Medical Sciences. 2021:52-61.
60. Kamalzadeh Takhti H, Ardaneh M, Zare S, Rezaei Sarkhaei M, Amiri-Ardekani E. Symptoms and Underlying Diseases Associated with the Hospitalization Period of 3480 Covid-19 Patients in Hormozgan, Iran . Preprints.org 2021, 2021030602.
61. Sahraei Z, Shabani M, Shokouhi S, Saffaei A. Aminoquinolines against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020;55(4):105945.
62. Dastan F, Tabarsi P, Marjani M, et al. Thalidomide against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a medicine with a thousand faces. Iran J Pharm Res. 2020;19(1):1-2.
63. Tavakoli-far F, Sasani N, Alizadegan D, Amiri-Ardekani E. Role of Iranian Medicinal Plants in the Prevention of COVID-19. Advanced Herbal Medicine. 2021;7(2):57-72.
64. Amra B, Ashrafi F, Soltaninejad F, Feizi A, Salmasi M. Thalidomide for the treatment of severe Covid-19: A randomized clinical trial. 2021.
65. Russell CD, Millar JE, Baillie JK. Clinical evidence does not support corticosteroid treatment for 2019-nCoV lung injury. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):473-5.
66. Uthoff K, Zehr KJ, Gaudin PB, et al. Thalidomide as replacement for steroids in immunosuppression after lung transplantation. Ann Thorac Surg. 1995;59(2):277-82.
67. Sinha P, Matthay MA, Calfee CS. Is a "Cytokine Storm" Relevant to COVID-19? JAMA Intern Med. 2020;180(9):1152-4.
68. Hussman JP. Cellular and Molecular Pathways of COVID-19 and Potential Points of Therapeutic Intervention. Front Pharmacol. 2020;11:1169.
69. Ludwig S, Planz O. Influenza viruses and the NF-kappaB signaling pathway - towards a novel concept of antiviral therapy. Biol Chem. 2008;389(10):1307-12.
70. Vergara TR, Samer S, Santos-Oliveira JR, et al. Thalidomide is associated with increased t cell activation and inflammation in antiretroviral-naive HIV-infected individuals in a randomised clinical trial of efficacy and safety. EBioMedicine. 2017;23:59-67.
2. De Sanctis JB, Mijares M, Suárez A, et al. Pharmacological properties of thalidomide and its analogues. Recent Pat Inflamm Allergy Drug Discov. 2010;4(2):144-8.
3. D’Amato R. Loughnan MS. Flynn E Folkman J. Thalidomide is an inhibitor of angiogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1994;91:4082-5.
4. Weber D, Rankin K, Gavino M, Delasalle K, Alexanian R. Thalidomide alone or with dexamethasone for previously untreated multiple myeloma. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21(1):16-9.
5. Tsirigotis P, Venetis E, Rontogianni D, Dervenoulas J, Kontopidou F, Apostolidis P. Thalidomide in the treatment of myelodysplastic syndrome with fibrosis. Leukemia Res. 2002;26(10):965-6.
6. Wang X, Chen Y, Du Q, Du Q. Successful treatment of thalidomide for recurrent bleeding due to gastric angiodysplasia in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2013;17(8):1114-6.
7. Aragon-Ching JB, Li H, Gardner ER, Figg WD. Thalidomide analogues as anticancer drugs. Recent Pat Anticancer Drug Discov. 2007;2(2):167-74.
8. Horton MR, Danoff SK, Lechtzin N. Thalidomide inhibits the intractable cough of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Thorax. 2008;63(8):749.
9. Horton MR, Santopietro V, Mathew L, et al. Thalidomide for the treatment of cough in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2012;157(6):398-406.
10. Ye Q, Chen B, Tong Z, et al. Thalidomide reduces IL-18, IL-8 and TNF-α release from alveolar macrophages in interstitial lung disease. Eur Respir J. 2006;28(4):824-31.
11. Selman M, King Jr TE, Pardo A. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: prevailing and evolving hypotheses about its pathogenesis and implications for therapy. Ann Intern Med. 2001;134(2):136-51.
12. Jie S, Qiang N, Min Y. Clinical research and correlated cytokine study of thalidomide combined with prednisone on idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Practical Pharmacy and Clinical Remedies. 2012;10(5).
13. Zhang L, Wei-lin Y. Effect of thalidomide on the expressions of IL-6, TNF-α and TGF-β1 in BALF of elder patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Xi'an jiao tong da xue xue bao Yi xue ban. 2012(5):622.
14. Tabata C, Tabata R, Kadokawa Y, et al. Thalidomide prevents bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice. J Immunol. 2007;179(1):708-14.
15. Choe JY, Jung HJ, Park KY, et al. Anti-fibrotic effect of thalidomide through inhibiting TGF-β-induced ERK1/2 pathways in bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis in mice. Inflammation Res. 2010;59(3):177-88.
16. Serrano AG, León R, Sayago M, Márquez JL. Thalidomide treatment in cirrhotic patients with severe anemia secondary to vascular malformations. Dig Dis Sci. 2012;57(4):1112-3.
17. Dong X, Li X, Li M, Chen M, Fan Q, Wei W. Inhibitory effects of thalidomide on bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in rats via regulation of thioredoxin reductase and inflammations. Am J Transl Res. 2017;9(10):4390.
18. Li D, Zhang XW, Jiang XQ, et al. Protective effects of thalidomide on pulmonary injuries in a rat model of paraquat intoxication. J Inflammation. 2015;12(1):1-8.
19. Borthwick LA. The IL-1 cytokine family and its role in inflammation and fibrosis in the lung. Semin Immunopathol. 2016;38(4):517-34.
20. Saito A, Horie M, Nagase T. TGF-β signaling in lung health and disease. Int J Mol Sci . 2018;19(8):2460.
21. Markopoulos GS, Roupakia E, Marcu KB, Kolettas E. Epigenetic regulation of inflammatory cytokine-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal cell transition and cancer stem cell generation. Cells. 2019;8(10):1143.
22. Li Y, Shi K, Qi F, et al. Thalidomide combined with short-term low-dose glucocorticoid therapy for the treatment of severe COVID-19: A case-series study. Int J Infect Dis. 2021;103:507-513.
23. Bartlett JB, Dredge K, Dalgleish AG. The evolution of thalidomide and its IMiD derivatives as anticancer agents. Nat Rev Cancer. 2004;4(4):314-22.
24. Chen C, Qi F, Shi K, et al. Thalidomide combined with low‐dose short‐term glucocorticoid in the treatment of critical Coronavirus Disease 2019. Clin Transl Med. 2020;10(2):e35.
25. Liu Q, Zhou Yh, Yang Zq. The cytokine storm of severe influenza and development of immunomodulatory therapy. Cell Mol Immunol. 2016;13(1):3-10.
26. Hanekom WA, Hughes J, Haslett PA, et al. The immunomodulatory effects of thalidomide on human immunodeficiency virus–infected children. J Infect Dis. 2001;184(9):1192-6.
27. Chen H, Chen Q, Jiang Cm, et al. Triptolide suppresses paraquat induced idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis by inhibiting TGFB1-dependent epithelial mesenchymal transition. Toxicol Lett. 2018;284:1-9.
28. Bianchi M, Fantuzzi G, Bertini R, Perin L, Salmona M, Ghezzi P. The pneumotoxicant paraquat induces IL-8 mRNA in human mononuclear cells and pulmonary epithelial cells. Cytokine. 1993;5(5):525-30.
29. Keller M, Sollberger G, Beer HD. Thalidomide inhibits activation of caspase-1. J Immunol. 2009;183(9):5593-9.
30. Wu Z, McGoogan JM. Characteristics of and important lessons from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in China: summary of a report of 72 314 cases from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. JAMA. 2020;323(13):1239-42.
31. Liu T, Guo F, Zhu X, He X, Xie L. Thalidomide and its analogues: A review of the potential for immunomodulation of fibrosis diseases and opthalmopathy. Exp Ther Med. . 2017;14(6):5251-7.
32. Malekinejad H, Rezabakhsh A, Rahmani F, Razi M. Paraquat exposure up-regulates cyclooxygenase-2 in the lungs, liver and kidneys in rats. Iran J Pharm Res. 2013;12(4):887.
33. Jin H. Imrecoxib Inhibits Paraquat-Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis through the NF-κB/Snail Signaling Pathway. Comput Math Methods Med. 2020;2020:6374014.
34. Kalantar M, Khodayar MJ, Kalantari H, Khorsandi L, Hemmati AA. Therapeutic effect of gallic acid against paraquat-induced lung injury in rat. Jundishapur Journal of Natural Pharmaceutical Products. 2018;13(3):13.
35. Liu Mw, Su Mx, Tang Dy, Hao L, Xun XH, Huang Yq. Ligustrazin increases lung cell autophagy and ameliorates paraquat-induced pulmonary fibrosis by inhibiting PI3K/Akt/mTOR and hedgehog signalling via increasing miR-193a expression. BMC Pulm Med. 2019;19(1):1-16.
36. Huang M, Wang YP, Zhu LQ, Cai Q, Li HH, Yang HF. MAPK pathway mediates epithelial‐mesenchymal transition induced by paraquat in alveolar epithelial cells. Environ Toxicol. 2016;31(11):1407-14.
37. Wang J, Zhu Y, Tan J, Meng X, Xie H, Wang R. Lysyl oxidase promotes epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition during paraquat-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Mol Biosyst. 2016;12(2):499-507.
38. Dubaybo B, Thet L. Changes in lung tissue and lavage fibronectin after paraquat injury in rats. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol. 1986;51(2):211-20.
39. Liu X, Qian L, Nan H, Cui M, Hao X, Du Y. Function of the transforming growth factor‑β1/c‑Jun N‑terminal kinase signaling pathway in the action of thalidomide on a rat model of pulmonary fibrosis. Exp Ther Med. 2014;7(3):669-74.
40. Liang CJ, Yen YH, Hung LY, et al. Thalidomide inhibits fibronectin production in TGF-β1-treated normal and keloid fibroblasts via inhibition of the p38/Smad3 pathway. Biochem Pharmacol. 2013;85(11):1594-602.
41. Zhou XL, Xu P, Chen HH, et al. Thalidomide inhibits TGF-β1-induced epithelial to mesenchymal transition in alveolar epithelial cells via Smad-dependent and Smad-independent signaling pathways. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):1-10.
42. Massagué J, Wotton D. Transcriptional control by the TGF‐β/Smad signaling system. EMBO J. 2000;19(8):1745-54.
43. Phanish MK, Wahab NA, Colville-Nash P, Hendry BM, Dockrell ME. The differential role of Smad2 and Smad3 in the regulation of pro-fibrotic TGFβ1 responses in human proximal-tubule epithelial cells. Biochem J. 2006;393(2):601-7.
44. Li T, Yang X, Xin S, Cao Y, Wang N. Paraquat poisoning induced pulmonary epithelial mesenchymal transition through Notch1 pathway. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):1-8.
45. Phan SH. Biology of fibroblasts and myofibroblasts. Proc Am Thorac Soc. 2008;5(3):334-7.
46. Nakashima T, Liu T, Yu H, et al. Lung bone marrow–derived hematopoietic progenitor cells enhance pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2013;188(8):976-84.
47. Kisseleva T, Brenner DA. Mechanisms of fibrogenesis. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2008;233(2):109-22.
48. Kothari AN, Mi Z, Zapf M, Kuo PC. Novel clinical therapeutics targeting the epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Clin Transl Med. 2014;3(1):1-14.
49. Dongre A, Weinberg RA. New insights into the mechanisms of epithelial–mesenchymal transition and implications for cancer. Nature reviews Molecular cell biology. 2019;20(2):69-84.
50. Lamouille S, Xu J, Derynck R. Molecular mechanisms of epithelial–mesenchymal transition. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2014;15(3):178-96.
51. Han YY, Shen P, Chang WX. Involvement of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and associated transforming growth factor-β/Smad signaling in paraquat-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Mol Med Rep. 2015;12(6):7979-84.
52. Zhao L, Xiao K, Wang H, et al. Thalidomide has a therapeutic effect on interstitial lung fibrosis: evidence from in vitro and in vivo studies. Clin Exp Immunol. 2009;157(2):310-5.
53. Weng CM, Li Q, Chen KJ, et al. Bleomycin induces epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition via bFGF/PI3K/ESRP1 signaling in pulmonary fibrosis. Biosci Rep. 2020;40(1):BSR20190756.
54. Rafii R, Juarez MM, Albertson TE, Chan AL. A review of current and novel therapies for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. J Thorac Dis. 2013;5(1):48.
55. Datta A, Scotton CJ, Chambers RC. Novel therapeutic approaches for pulmonary fibrosis. Brit J Pharmacol. 2011;163(1):141-72.
56. Knobloch J, Jungck D, Koch A. Apoptosis induction by thalidomide: critical for limb teratogenicity but therapeutic potential in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis? Curr Mol Pharmacol. 2011;4(1):26-61.
57. Amirshahrokhi K. Anti-inflammatory effect of thalidomide in paraquat-induced pulmonary injury in mice. Int Immunopharmacol. 2013;17(2):210-5.
58. Ardaneh M, Tavakoli-far F, Payandeh A, Amiri-Ardekani E. How Screening plays role in Covid-19 management? Results of a Cross-Sectional Study on Covid-19 patients signs and symptoms. Turkish Journal of Internal Medicine. 2021;3(4):195-200.
59. Far F, Amiri-Ardekani E. Spike protein and involved proteases in SARS-COV-2 pathogenicity and treatment; a review. Proceedings of the Shevchenko Scientific Society Medical Sciences. 2021:52-61.
60. Kamalzadeh Takhti H, Ardaneh M, Zare S, Rezaei Sarkhaei M, Amiri-Ardekani E. Symptoms and Underlying Diseases Associated with the Hospitalization Period of 3480 Covid-19 Patients in Hormozgan, Iran . Preprints.org 2021, 2021030602.
61. Sahraei Z, Shabani M, Shokouhi S, Saffaei A. Aminoquinolines against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020;55(4):105945.
62. Dastan F, Tabarsi P, Marjani M, et al. Thalidomide against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a medicine with a thousand faces. Iran J Pharm Res. 2020;19(1):1-2.
63. Tavakoli-far F, Sasani N, Alizadegan D, Amiri-Ardekani E. Role of Iranian Medicinal Plants in the Prevention of COVID-19. Advanced Herbal Medicine. 2021;7(2):57-72.
64. Amra B, Ashrafi F, Soltaninejad F, Feizi A, Salmasi M. Thalidomide for the treatment of severe Covid-19: A randomized clinical trial. 2021.
65. Russell CD, Millar JE, Baillie JK. Clinical evidence does not support corticosteroid treatment for 2019-nCoV lung injury. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):473-5.
66. Uthoff K, Zehr KJ, Gaudin PB, et al. Thalidomide as replacement for steroids in immunosuppression after lung transplantation. Ann Thorac Surg. 1995;59(2):277-82.
67. Sinha P, Matthay MA, Calfee CS. Is a "Cytokine Storm" Relevant to COVID-19? JAMA Intern Med. 2020;180(9):1152-4.
68. Hussman JP. Cellular and Molecular Pathways of COVID-19 and Potential Points of Therapeutic Intervention. Front Pharmacol. 2020;11:1169.
69. Ludwig S, Planz O. Influenza viruses and the NF-kappaB signaling pathway - towards a novel concept of antiviral therapy. Biol Chem. 2008;389(10):1307-12.
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| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 11, No 2 (Spring 2023) | |
| Section | Review Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/jpc.v11i2.13365 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Thalidomide; Covid-19; Pulmonary Fibrosis; Bleomycin, | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Rashidpour N, Karami-mohajeri S, Farsinejad A, Alizadegan D, Taebi M, Amiri-Ardakani E. Potential Therapeutic Uses of Thalidomide for Pulmonary Fibrosis. J Pharm Care. 2023;11(2):102-109.
